Metal oxide hydrogels and hydrosols, their preparation and use

ABSTRACT

A process for preparing a hydrosol of one or more metal oxides, e.g. titanium dioxide, comprising preparing a metal alkoxide solution in a water-miscible organic solvent, e.g. an alcohol; providing an aqueous solvent; mixing the metal alkoxide solution with the aqueous solvent in a volume or weight proportion to form a single-phase aqueous sol colloid (hydrosol) of hydrated metal oxide in absence of a non-ionic block polymer surfactant. Also disclosed is a corresponding hydrogel; water-insoluble particles encapsulated in hydrated metal oxide and a process for their encapsulation; uses of the encapsulation products.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a 371 of PCT/SE2007/000577 filed Jun. 12, 2007 andclaims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Application Ser. No.60/812,779 filed Jun. 12, 2006.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to metal oxide hydrogels and hydrosols,methods for their preparation, and their use, in particular forencapsulation of water-insoluble particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Isolating molecules of pharmaceuticals, dyes, magnetic or opticallysensitive particles or plant, animal or human tissues or cells as wellas living organisms including viruses, bacteria, fungi, seeds or plantor animal embryos in the capsules not permitting transport of particlesor bigger molecules through their walls with the possibility ofcontrolled release of these objects through biocompatible chemical orbiochemical treatment under ambient conditions opens tremendousperspectives in such domains as drug delivery, optical or magneticstorage of information through printing, sensor techniques, bio-deliveryand even protection of biological objects, for the purpose ofbio-control protection and/or preservation.

The earlier developed techniques for preparation of inorganic hydrosolsand hydrogels for encapsulation purposes have been considering almostexclusively preparation of a silica gel. Two major approaches have beendeveloped: one based on hydrolysis of silicon alkoxides using acidcatalyst with subsequent addition of a buffer solution, stabilizing pHin the interval 5-7 [1, 2]. Silicon alkoxides are not soluble in wateror miscible with it, which requires application of a co-solvent such asalcohol (not less than 30% in the total reaction mixture) or prolongedultrasonic treatment or other mixing procedures to assure homogenization[1]. Other possibility is provided by hydrolysis of sodium silicate inwater solution by addition of a buffer solution with pH in the interval5-7 [3, 4]. In the latter case a considerable lack of reproducibility inencapsulation has been observed, caused by the difficulty to controllocal pH and provide a kinetically reproducible regime in the growth ofa silica polymer [5]. Both these approaches offered polymeric gels,providing retention of the molecules or organisms trapped inside, but notrue encapsulation, as these objects are released in a poorlycontrollable way through diffusion [2, 5]. Preparation of dense silicacapsules without a possibility to release encapsulates has been reportedto occur in water-in-oil [6] or oil-in-water [7] emulsions onapplication of stabilizing surfactants. Very recently it has been shownthat heteroleptic silicon precursors, alkyl-silicon alkoxides, can givecapsules, when hydrolyzed in an oil-in-water emulsion [8]. The use ofmetal alkoxides in the same procedure as silicon alkoxides has beenclaimed in [9], but was the same year shown to be impossible by theworks of Livage et al. [10]. According to Livage, the hydrolysis ofmetal alkoxides is providing polymer sols that quickly transform intogels on addition of water. The possibility to obtain hydrosols forencapsulation purposes was proposed only through obtaining oxide gels inorganic solvents and their re-peptization after transfer into water [5].The measures proposed for obtaining such secondary sols, such asaddition of strong acids or heating to at least 90° C. [11], areobviously not biocompatible. Recently [12] there has been reportedpreparation of core-shell Ag—TiO₂ nanoparticles, applying hydrolysis oftitanium isopropoxide solution in ethanol by a colloid solution ofsilver nanoparticles in water, stabilized by a surfactant CTAB(Cetylammonium bromide). Selective formation of the shell on the surfaceof the particles was attributed to the catalytic action of thesurfactant.

It has recently been demonstrated [13] that the hydrolysis of thechemically modified zirconium and titanium alkoxides in awater-in-hydrocarbon emulsion (a system with phase separation betweentwo solvents) occurred as a micellar self-assembly, providingthin-walled oxide shells selectively encapsulating hydrophilicmolecules.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a process for preparingmetal oxide hydrogels and hydrosols.

It is another object of the invention to provide a process forencapsulation of water-insoluble particles in a main group metal oxideand/or a transition metal by means of a metal oxide hydrogel orhydrosol.

An additional object of the invention is to provide water-insolubleparticles encapsulated in metal oxide.

Further objects of the invention comprise uses of water-insolubleparticles encapsulated in metal oxide.

Still further objects of the invention will become evident from thefollowing summary of the invention, the description of preferredembodiments thereof, and the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

If not otherwise indicated, in this application a metal oxide oralkoxide is a main group metal oxide or transition metal oxide or amixture of such metal oxides or metal alkoxides.

According to the present invention is disclosed a process for preparinga hydrosol of one or more metal oxides, comprising:

i) Preparing a metal alkoxide solution of one or more metal alkoxides ina water-miscible organic solvent;

ii) Providing an aqueous solvent;

iii) Optionally providing an aqueous solvent having a pH of from pH 0 topH 7;

iv) Optionally mixing measured volumes of the solution of step i) and ofthe aqueous solvent of step iii) to form metal oxide micelles in thewater-miscible organic solvent;

v) mixing the metal alkoxide solution of step i) or the water-miscibleorganic solvent comprising metal oxide micelles of step iv) with theaqueous solvent of step ii) in volume or weight proportions to form asingle-phase aqueous sol colloid (hydrosol) of hydrated metal oxide;with the proviso that the hydrosol does not comprise non-ionic blockpolymer surfactant. Preferred embodiments of the process for preparingthe hydrosol are disclosed in claims 2-8.

Also disclosed according to the invention is a hydrosol of hydratedmetal oxide, in particular one obtainable by the process of theinvention, which does not comprise non-ionic block polymer surfactant.

According to the present invention, a process for preparing a hydrogelof one or more metal oxides, which does not comprise non-ionic blockpolymer surfactant, comprises storing the aqueous hydrosol of hydratedmetal oxide of the invention for a period of time sufficient to providefor sol-gel transition. From the hydrogel of hydrated metal oxide of theinvention, water and/or solvent can be optionally removed at, forinstance, reduced pressure to form a dried hydrogel of one or more metaloxides, which does not comprise non-ionic block polymer surfactant.

According to a preferred aspect of the invention is disclosed a processfor encapsulation of water-insoluble particles in hydrated metal oxideor a mixture of hydrated metal oxides comprising:

a) Preparing a metal alkoxide solution in a water-miscible organicsolvent;

b) Preparing a particle suspension in an aqueous solvent;

c) Mixing the solution of step a) and the suspension of step b) in avolume or weight proportion suitable for forming a suspension of saidparticles in a single-phase hydrosol of hydrated metal oxide;

or, alternatively to steps b) and c):

b₁) providing water or an aqueous solvent having a pH of from pH 0 to pH7;

c₁) mixing measured volumes of the solution of step a) and of the wateror aqueous solvent of step b₁ to form metal oxide micelles in thewater-miscible organic solvent of step a);

c₂) mixing the water-miscible organic solvent comprising metal oxidemicelles of step c₁) with an aqueous solvent to form a single-phasehydrosol of hydrated metal oxide;

c₃) dispersing water-insoluble particles in the single-phase hydrosol ofstep c₂) to form a suspension of the particles therein;

d) Storing the hydrosol particle suspension of step c) or c₃) for aperiod of time sufficient to provide for formation and self-assembly ofmetal oxide micelles on the particles so as to form shells of hydratedmetal oxide on the particles, wherein the storage time can be selectedto allow for transition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel;e) Optionally removing water and/or solvent from the product of step d)to form aggregates of water-insoluble particles in shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s);f) Alternatively to step e), optionally separating the particlesenclosed in shells of hydrated main group metal and/or transition metaloxide(s) obtained in step d) from other components;g) Optionally removing water and solvent from the product of step f);with the proviso that the method does not comprise the use of anon-ionic block-copolymer surfactant.

Preferred embodiments of the process are disclosed in the appendedclaims 15-32 and 35-39.

The initially prepared metal alkoxide in solution can be modified byaddition of heteroligands such as carboxylic acids, diketones,ketoesters, polyols, or alcohols containing additional amino-, ether-,keto-aldehyde groups, or phenols, or alkanolamines. Carboxylic acidsinvolving aromatic fragments, aminoacids and proteins with potential fordrug delivery applications are particularly preferred as modifyingligands.

According to a preferred aspect of the invention the metal alkoxidesolution can be subjected to hydrolysis by addition of controlledamounts of water with pH in the interval from 0 to 7, most preferredfrom 0 to 2, adjusted by addition of a strong acid (such as HCl, HNO₃,H₂SO₄, HClO₄, CF₃SO₃H or PhSO₃H) or its solution in the same or otherorganic solvent miscible with that applied for dissolution of theinitial metal alkoxide. The amount of added water provides thepossibility for formation of oxide micelles throughhydrolysis-polycondensation in an organic medium. It is preferred forthe amount of water added to be from 0 to 5 molar equivalents to theamounts of metals, in particular from 0.01 to 4.0 molar eq., mostpreferred from 0.05 to 1.0 molar eq. All the applied organic solventsshould, in the volumes proposed for further formulations, be misciblewith an aqueous medium without phase separation. The suspensionresulting from mixing of the organic metal alkoxide solution with thechosen aqueous medium can be left in a liquid form or dried viaevaporation at ambient pressure or in vacuum or in a gas flow or throughspraying of the initial suspension as well as freeze drying.

According to the invention is additionally disclosed a method ofcontrolled release of the encapsulated particles or fragments thereof.In this method the product of the process of the invention is contactedwith a pH-adjusted aqueous ligand solution, for instance a carboxylateor polycarboxylate solution, in particular a solution of citrate,lactate, succinate, oxalate, etc. It is preferred for the aqueous ligandsolution to have a pH of from pH 4 to pH 9, in particular of from pH 5to pH 7.

According to a preferred aspect of the process of the inventioncomprises the use of metal alkoxides and precursors of metal alkoxides,such as main group metal and/or transition metal methoxides, ethoxides,n-propoxides, iso-propoxides, n-butoxides, sec-butoxides, iso-butoxides,tert-butoxides, n-pentoxides, iso-pentoxides, sec-pentoxides,tert-pentoxides, neo-pentoxides, longer chain alcohol derivatives (withthe alkyl groups containing up to 12 carbon atoms), alcohol derivatives,containing an additional donor function, such as alkoxy-, amino-,imino-, alkylamino-, alkanolamino-derivatives etc., derivatives ofphenols etc., non-modified, or modified with such ligands as diketones,ketoesters, carboxylic acids, alkyls, unsaturated hydrocarbon ligands,alcohol ligands with additional donor functions, polyols, calixarenesetc., proceeds according to a micellar self-assembly mechanism, which isprincipally different from that the self-assembly of silica alkoxidesand modified silica alkoxides, and always comprises formation of denseparticles of a size and reactivity determined by self-assembly ofligands on their surface. Micelles are heterogeneous particles, whichcan be transferred into water for gelation and/or encapsulation ifintroduced into an aqueous solution by means of a water-miscible organicsolvent. Moreover, if the reaction mixture is heterogeneous, themicelles will generally be concentrated on phase separation surfaces,there forming dense shells around macromolecules, particles or organismspresent in the aqueous phase. Application of basic ligands, such asamines, aminoalcohols, alkanolamines, aminoacids, aminosubstitutedsugars etc., in combination with acids in the preparation of the primarymicelles in organic solvents provides a means of stabilizing micelles inaqueous media through electrically charged of ammonium ions (cations) ontheir surface and to adjust pH in the resulting hydrosol via desorptionof protonating ligands forming a buffer solution. It is preferred forthe buffer solution to have a pH from 4 to 10, in particular from 5 to9, most preferred from 7.0 to 8.5, permitting to achieve a biocompatiblemedium. The original solution of micelles can be highly concentrated,which makes it possible to obtain final reaction mixtures with alcoholcontent of less than 10%. The thus obtained shells can have thick (up to50 μm) and mechanically resistant walls in contrast to the shellsobtained from metal alkoxides in water-in-hydrocarbon emulsions [13].The specific chemical and physical properties of main group metal oxidesand transition metal oxides such as magnetism, electric conductivity,optical activity etc. in combination with the properties of encapsulatedobjects offers a broad spectrum of applications. The high density of thewalls of capsules produced from metal alkoxides enhances the retentionof encapsulated objects. Chemical reactivity of (hydrated) main groupmetal oxides or transition metal oxides derived from metal alkoxidesprovides for chemically or bio-chemically controlled release ofencapsulated particles or fragments thereof at ambient temperature viaintroduction of biocompatible ligands such as, for example, di- andpoly-carboxylates (citrate, lactate, succinate, oxalate etc.). The mostimportant feature of the applied ligands is the presence of an acidicgroup, such as carboxylate, sulphonate, phosphonate and an additionalgroup, which can be of either carboxylate, sulphonate, phosphonate orhydroxyl function in the alpha, beta, gamma or delta position to thefirst group (1 to 4 carbon atoms between the groups).

The product of the process may vary in form depending on, i.a., how itis recovered from the sol or gel state, and can, dependent on theapplication, be used as a liquid suspension (sol), a gel, a dry powderor particles encapsulated in a hard shells surrounded by amorphous metaloxide.

The process of the invention is based on the preparation of a solutionof main group metal and/or transition metal alkoxide or modifiedalkoxide in such solvents as alcohols, alcohols with additional donorfunctions such as amino, alkylamino, ether, ester, keto- or aldehydegroups, ethers, esters, amines, amides, alkyl sulfoxides or alkylphosphonates (with the principal requirement that they should bemiscible with water without phase separation) with or without additionalmodification by such ligands as diketones, ketoesters, carboxylic acids,alkyls, unsaturated hydrocarbon ligands, alcohol ligands with additionaldonor functions, alkanolamines, polyols, calixarenes etc. As metalalkoxides can be used main group metal or transition metal methoxides,ethoxides, n-propoxides, iso-propoxides, n-butoxides, sec-butoxides,iso-butoxides, tert-butoxides, n-pentoxides, iso-pentoxides,sec-pentoxides, tert-pentoxides, neo-pentoxides, longer chain alcoholderivatives containing 6 to 12 carbon atoms, alcohol derivatives withadditional donor functions, such as alkoxy-, amino-, imino-,alkylamino-, alkanolamino-derivatives etc., derivatives of phenols etc.As metals are meant lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium,strontium, barium, aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium, lanthanum andlanthanides, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum,chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron,cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, platinum group metals, silver and gold,tin, lead and bismuth and the mixtures of those, includingheterometallic complexes involving these metals. Derivatives ofaluminium, titanium, zirconium, niobium and molybdenum are particularlyinteresting for biological applications.

Partial hydrolysis-polycondensation of these solutions is carried outvia addition of water in pure form or in a solution of a water-misciblesolvent, in particular of one of the aforementioned organic solvents. Itis preferred for the water to be of neutral pH or of a pH from 0 to 7,in particular from 0 to 2, adjusted by addition of a strong acid.

The obtained organic metal alkoxide solution is mixed with water or anaqueous solution in which the particles for encapsulation are dispersed.The aqueous solution may contain a water-miscible organic solvent and/orone or more inorganic or organic salts (such as MX_(n), R₄NX, whereM=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or rare earth element, R=CH₃, C₂H₅,C₃H₇, C₄H₉; X=F, Cl, Br, I, OH, NO₃ ⁻, ½SO₄ ²⁻, ClO₄ ⁻, CN⁻, SCN⁻,etc.). Such salts are believed to enhance self-assembly and to decreasethe retention of water in the shells, which is useful for thepreparation of mechanically stable, crack-free shells. Mixing of themetal alkoxide solution with the aqueous particle suspension produces ahydrosol that self-assembles around particles, providing dense shellswith modifying ligands assembled on their surface. The process does notrequire the application of separate surfactants (such asblock-copolymers of polyesters or polyethers/polyalcohols) or catalysts.In order to protect the objects for encapsulation a protective/inertatmosphere can be applied, for example, an oxygen-free atmosphere. Todecelerate the self-assembly of the colloid solutions obtained by mixingof the metal alkoxide solution and the initial suspension it ispreferred to use cooling to a temperature of from −75° C. to +15° C., inparticular from −45° C. to +10° C., most preferred from −20° C. to 0° C.To accelerate the self-assembly of the colloid solutions obtained bymixing of the alkoxide solution and the initial suspension it ispreferred to use heating from +25° C. to +145° C., in particular from+30° C. to +130° C., most preferred from +50° C. to +120° C. Homogeneityof the metal alkoxide solution and/or the sol or gel colloid can beimproved by ultrasonic treatment. Encapsulation of the water-insolubleparticles (molecules, tissues, cells or organisms, etc., occurs within atime varying from a few seconds, in particular of from 1 to 20 seconds,and up to several hours, for instance two, three or six hours. It ispreferred for the encapsulation time to be from 5 seconds to 6 hours, inparticular from 5 s to 1 h, most preferred from 10 s to 30 min. Theobtained capsules can be left in solution as a suspension or beseparated by drying. The latter, dependent on application, can berealized as ambient pressure drying, vacuum drying, freeze drying,drying under flow of a gas or spray-drying. They can be purposelyseparated from any admixture of the non-entrapped components by repeatedwashing with solvents with or without filtration. Drying of the colloidscan be used for better preservation of the encapsulated material. Dryingat low temperatures or freeze-drying can be used for the unalteredpreservation of biological matter encapsulated in metal oxide shells.

The obtained encapsulates can be stored at different conditions. Theycan, if desired, be dissolved almost immediately by addition of aqueoussolutions of biocompatible ligands comprising weak acidic functions,preferably in a concentration of from 0.01 to 5.0 M, in particular offrom 0.01 to 2 M, most preferred of from 0.05 to 1.0 M. Preferredbiocompatible ligands are carboxylate or polycarboxylate ligands, butalso aminocarboxylate or hydroxyl-carboxylate ligands. The dissolutionprocess is associated with the release of the originally appliedmodifying ligands that can thus be controllably delivered into thesolution through this procedure. Macrocapsules of a size of from severalmicrometers and to up to 3 mm can also be opened by physical treatment,such as mechanic, ultrasound or light (laser) treatment.

The invention will now be explained in greater detail by reference to anumber of preferred but not limiting embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a rough scheme illustrating the self-assembly of preformedmicelles (A) around (micro-) heterogeneous objects in aqueous solution(B);

FIG. 2 shows the release of encapsulated material (A) throughdissolution of the metal oxide shells by means of biocompatible ligands(B);

FIG. 3 shows the molecular structure of titanium alkoxide precursorspecies modified by penicillamine, titanium isopropoxide (A), andtitanium n-propoxide (B).

DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

All chemicals were purchased from Aldrich and used as received.

Example 1 Encapsulation of 2.2 μm Polystyrene Beads in Hydrated OxideShells Obtained from Chemically Modified and Pre-Hydrolysed Precursor

Initial precursor solution was obtained by dissolving 2 mL Ti(O^(n)Pr)₄in 8 mL anhydrous ^(n)PrOH and subsequently adding 0.5 mLtriethanolamine. Then 1 mL of hydrolyzing solution, prepared by mixing0.4 mL 0.1 M HNO₃ with 1.6 mL ^(n)PrOH, was added on stirring to themodified precursor solution, providing an organic sol. 1 mL of the solwas quickly added by means of a syringe to 5 mL of suspension ofmicro-beads (Duke Scientific Corp., Palo Alto, Calif., USA) in waterstirred by a magnetic stirrer in a glass flask. The resulting slightlyopaque hydrosol was poured into a Petri dish to produce a slightlyopaque gel within about 30 min. The gel was then washed with waterseveral times and dried in the open for 1 h. Optical microscopy showedthat the spheres were covered by a shell of hydrated oxide (with 100-250nm wall thickness), and further incorporated into gel aggregatesmeasuring from tenths of micrometers to about 1 mm. Covering particles,possessing specific optical properties (reflection and/or absorption)with a transparent gel layer is of special interest in solar controlapplications.

Example 2 Encapsulation of Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6G in HydratedOxide Shells Obtained from Chemically Modified and Pre-HydrolysedPrecursor

Pre-prepared organic sol obtained according to Example 1 (1 mL) wasadded to 10 mL of suspension of bacteria Arthrobacter chlorophenolicusA6G in aqueous isotonic sodium chloride solution. The obtained slightlyopaque hydrosol was poured into a Petri dish and was converted into aslightly opaque monolithic gel within 30 min. The gel was then washedseveral times with isotonic aqueous NaCl solution. Optical microscopyshowed that the applied microorganisms were covered by a shell ofhydrated oxide (with 100-250 nm wall thickness), and furtherincorporated into gel aggregates measuring from tenths of micrometers toabout 1 mm.

Example 3 Liberation of the Encapsulated Bacteria and SubsequentViability Tests

The gel encapsulate of Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6G (about 1 g)obtained and characterized as in Example 2 was added to a citrate buffersolution with pH=6.00 and total concentration 0.10 M (10 mL). Completedissolution with formation of a transparent suspension of bacteria inthe prepared mixture of solvents was achieved within 5 min on gentlestirring. The obtained solution was spread on cultivation platesrevealing the possibility to obtain densities of the survivingmicroorganisms to up to 5·10⁵ cfu/mL, corresponding to a survival rateof 0.25%.

Example 4 Improvement of the Biocompatibility of Encapsulating MaterialThrough Ligand Choice

Initial precursor solution was obtained by dissolving 4 mL Ti(OEt)₄ in 6mL anhydrous EtOH and adding 1.0 mL triethanolamine. Then 1 mL ofhydrolyzing solution, prepared by mixing 0.5 mL 0.5 M HNO₃ with 2.0 mLEtOH, was added providing an organic sol. 1 mL of the sol was quicklyadded by means of a syringe to 9 mL of a suspension of Arthrobacterchlorophenolicus A6G in aqueous isotonic sodium chloride solution. Theobtained slightly opaque hydrosol was poured into a Petri dish and wasconverted into a slightly opaque monolithic gel within 30 min. The gelwas then washed several times with isotonic aqueous NaCl solution.Optical microscopy showed that the applied microorganisms were coveredby a shell of hydrated oxide (with 100-250 nm wall thickness), andfurther incorporated into gel aggregates measuring from tenths ofmicrometers to about 1 mm. Liberation of encapsulated organismsaccording to Example 3 with subsequent viability test revealed asurvival rate of 6%.

Example 5 Tests of Biocompatibility of Hydrosol Encapsulation forDifferent Microorganisms

Initial precursor solution was obtained by dissolving 5 mL Ti(OEt)₄ in 5mL anhydrous EtOH and adding 1.5 mL triethanolamine. Then 1.0 mL ofhydrolyzing solution, prepared by mixing 0.5 mL 0.5 M HNO₃ with 2.0 mLEtOH, was added providing an organic sol. 1 mL of the sol was quicklyadded by means of a syringe to 9 mL of a suspension containing eitherthe bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum or the yeast Pichia anomala inisotonic aqueous NaCl solution. The obtained slightly opaque hydrosolwas poured into a Petri dish and was converted into a slightly opaquemonolithic gel within 30 min. The gel was then washed several times withisotonic aqueous NaCl solution. Optical microscopy showed that theapplied microorganisms were covered by a shell of hydrated oxide (with100-250 nm wall thickness), and further incorporated into gel aggregatesmeasuring from tenths of micrometers to about 1 mm. Liberation ofencapsulated organisms according to Example 3 with subsequent viabilitytest revealed survival rates of 73% of the L. plantarum and 100% of P.anomala.

Example 6 Encapsulation of the Seeds of Arabidopsis in Hydrated OxideShells Obtained from Chemically Modified and Pre-Hydrolysed Precursor

Initial precursor solution was obtained by dissolving 4 mL Ti(O^(n)Pr)₄in 6 mL anhydrous ^(n)PrOH and adding 2 mL triethanolamine. Then 2.5 mLof hydrolyzing solution, prepared by mixing 0.5 mL 0.1 M HNO₃ with 2.0mL ^(n)PrOH, was added to form an organic sol. 1 mL of the organic solwas quickly added by means of a syringe to 10 mL suspension of 0.05 g ofArabidopsis seeds in 8 mL distilled water. The obtained slightly opaquehydrosol was poured into a Petri dish and dried in the open for 1 h. Theseeds were covered with a shells having wall thickness of about 1 μm byScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation. The shells were notuniform, containing cracks with the depth of 0.5-0.8 μm, formedapparently through shrinkage on drying.

Example 7 Encapsulation of the Seeds of Arabidopsis in Hydrated OxideShells Obtained from Chemically Modified and Pre-Hydrolysed Precursorand Applying a Salt Solution to Avoid Shrinkage

Initial precursor solution was obtained by dissolving 4 mL Ti(O^(n)Pr)₄in 6 mL anhydrous ^(n)PrOH and adding 2 mL triethanolamine. Then 2.5 mLof hydrolyzing solution, prepared by mixing 0.5 mL 0.1 M HNO₃ with 2.0mL ^(n)PrOH, was added to form an organic sol. 1 mL of the organic solwas quickly added by syringe to 10 mL of suspension of 0.05 g ofArabidopsis seeds in 8 mL isotonic NaCl solution. The obtained slightlyopaque hydrosol was poured out in a Petri dish and dried in a flow ofdry air for 1 h. The seeds were covered with uniform crack-free shellswith wall thickness of about 1 μm by SEM observation.

Example 8 Application of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Co-Modifying Ligands

Initial precursor sol was obtained by dissolving 2 mL Ti(O^(n)Pr)₄ in 8mL anhydrous ^(n)PrOH and adding 0.9 mL triethanolamine and 0.1 gibuprofen or 0.1 g penicillamine, respectively. Then 1.0 mL ofhydrolyzing solution, prepared by mixing 0.5 mL 0.1 M HNO₃ with 2.0 mL^(n)PrOH, was added to form an organic sol. 1 mL of the organic sol wasadded to 1 mL of granulated mesoporous Al₂O₃ in 4 mL water. The hydrosoland then hydrogel was formed on constant shaking of the mixture, whichwas then dried in the open. The granulae were covered with shells withthickness about 1 μm. Transfer of the coated granulae into water againdoes not lead to considerable immediate release of ibuprofen accordingto UV-measurements. Ibuprofen is released quantitatively on treatment bycitrate buffer with pH=6.0. UV-measurements of the application withpenicillamine as co-modifying ligand indicates that the penicillamineresidue is, in the absence of polycarboxylate ligands, conserved in thegel shell with the same coordination arrangement around the metal atomas in the initial modified alkoxide.

Example 9 Preparation of Iron Oxide Hydrosol and its Application forEncapsulation of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Initial precursor sol was obtained by dissolving 0.4 g iron ethoxide,Fe₅O(OEt)₁₃, in 4 mL anhydrous ethanol and then adding, on vigorousstirring, 1 mL of a solution prepared by mixing 0.5 mL 0.1 M HNO₃ with 5mL EtOH. 2 mL of the thus obtained dark reddish orange sol was added to8 mL of distilled water. The obtained hydrosol is stable for severaldays at room temperature. Nanoparticles of indium tin oxide (30 nm indiameter, provided by MG-Consulting, Italy), 0.05 g, were dispersed inthe obtained hydrosol by a short ultrasonic treatment (0.14 kW bath, 3min). The suspension was poured into a Petri dish and dried in the open.The product consist of aggregates of particles covered by oxide shellswith thickness of about 50-70 nm by SEM observations. Deposition of suchparticles on glasses provides an approach to solar control applications.

Example 10 Preparation of Transparent Hydrosol of Molybdenum TrioxideMonohydrate from Molybdenum Alkoxide, Derived from an Alcohol PossessingAdditional Donor Function

Molybdenum dioxo-2-methoxyethoxide, MoO₂(OC₂H₄OCH₃)₂, —a derivative of2-methoxyethanol, an etheroalkoxide, 0.21 g, was dissolved in 3 mL ofthe parent alcohol, HOC₂H₄OCH₃. The solution was poured out into 5 mL ofdistilled water. The clear light blue sol remained uniform andtransparent during 1 week. Drying of the sol in vacuum (0.1 mm Hg)resulted in light blue powder identified as MoO₃.H₂O by powder X-ray.The sol possessed photochromic properties: it turned intensively bluewhen exposed to the sunlight and turned again colourless after storagein darkness for 0.5-2 h. Deposition of such sol on glasses provides anapproach to photochromic applications.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A process for encapsulation ofwater-insoluble particles in a hydrated metal oxide or a mixture ofhydrated metal oxides, comprising: a) preparing a metal alkoxidesolution of one or several metal alkoxides in an alcohol which ismiscible with water without phase separation; b) preparing a particlesuspension in an aqueous solvent having a pH of from pH 0 to pH 7; c)mixing the solution of step a) and the suspension of step b) in a volumeor weight proportion suitable for forming a suspension of said particlesin a single-phase aqueous sol colloid of hydrated metal oxide(s); and d)storing said aqueous sol colloid particle suspension for a period oftime sufficient to provide for formation and self-assembly of micellesof metal oxide(s) on the particles so as to form shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s) on the particles, wherein the storage time can beselected to allow for transition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel;e) optionally removing water and/or solvent from the product of step d)to form aggregates of water-insoluble particles in shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s); f) alternatively to step e), optionally separating theparticles enclosed in shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) obtained in stepd) from other components; and g) optionally removing water and alcoholfrom the product of step f); with the proviso that the process does notcomprise the use of a surfactant.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein theparticles comprise live or dead single- or multiple-cell organisms ororganelles, plant, animal or human tissue or cells or extracts thereof,or non-biological macromolecules or particles.
 3. The process of claim1, wherein the metal alkoxide is a methoxide, ethoxide, n-propoxide,isopropoxide, n-butoxide, or amyloxide.
 4. The process of claim 1,wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting ofmagnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide,niobium oxide, and molybdenum oxide.
 5. A process for encapsulation ofwater-insoluble particles in a hydrated metal oxide or a mixture ofhydrated metal oxides, comprising: a) preparing a metal alkoxidesolution of one or several metal alkoxides in an alcohol which ismiscible with water without phase separation, wherein at least one ofthe one or more metal alkoxides comprises at least one ligand other thanalkoxide; b) preparing a particle suspension in an aqueous solventhaving a pH of from pH 0 to pH 7; c) mixing the solution of step a) andthe suspension of step b) in a volume or weight proportion suitable forforming a suspension of said particles in a single-phase aqueous solcolloid of hydrated metal oxide(s); and d) storing said aqueous solcolloid particle suspension for a period of time sufficient to providefor formation and self-assembly of micelles of metal oxide(s) on theparticles so as to form shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) on theparticles, wherein the storage time can be selected to allow fortransition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel; e) optionally removingwater and/or solvent from the product of step d) to form aggregates ofwater-insoluble particles in shells of hydrated metal oxide(s); f)alternatively to step e), optionally separating the particles enclosedin shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) obtained in step d) from othercomponents; and g) optionally removing water and alcohol from theproduct of step f); with the proviso that the process does not comprisethe use of a surfactant.
 6. A process for encapsulation ofwater-insoluble particles in a hydrated metal oxide or a mixture ofhydrated metal oxides, comprising: a) preparing a metal alkoxidesolution of one or several metal alkoxides in an alcohol which ismiscible with water without phase separation, wherein at least one ofthe one or more metal alkoxides comprises at least one ligand other thanalkoxide, wherein, at the least, one ligand other than alkoxide is acarboxylate, beta-diketonate, ketoesterate, diolate, polyolate, orcarbohydrate; b) preparing a particle suspension in an aqueous solventhaving a pH of from pH 0 to pH 7; c) mixing the solution of step a) andthe suspension of step b) in a volume or weight proportion suitable forforming a suspension of said particles in a single-phase aqueous solcolloid of hydrated metal oxide(s); and d) storing said aqueous solcolloid particle suspension for a period of time sufficient to providefor formation and self-assembly of micelles of metal oxide(s) on theparticles so as to form shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) on theparticles, wherein the storage time can be selected to allow fortransition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel; e) optionally removingwater and/or solvent from the product of step d) to form aggregates ofwater-insoluble particles in shells of hydrated metal oxide(s); f)alternatively to step e), optionally separating the particles enclosedin shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) obtained in step d) from othercomponents; and g) optionally removing water and alcohol from theproduct of step f); with the proviso that the process does not comprisethe use of a surfactant.
 7. The process of claim 5, wherein the ligandother than alkoxide comprises an electron-donating group.
 8. A processfor encapsulation of water-insoluble particles in a hydrated metal oxideor a mixture of hydrated metal oxides, comprising: a) preparing a metalalkoxide solution of one or several metal alkoxides in an alcohol whichis miscible with water without phase separation, wherein at least one ofthe one or more metal alkoxides comprises at least one ligand other thanalkoxide, wherein the ligand other than alkoxide comprises anelectron-donating group is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy,amino, imino, alkylamino, and alkanolamino groups; b) preparing aparticle suspension in an aqueous solvent having a pH of from pH 0 to pH7; c) mixing the solution of step a) and the suspension of step b) in avolume or weight proportion suitable for forming a suspension of saidparticles in a single-phase aqueous sol colloid of hydrated metaloxide(s); and d) storing said aqueous sol colloid particle suspensionfor a period of time sufficient to provide for formation andself-assembly of micelles of metal oxide(s) on the particles so as toform shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) on the particles, wherein thestorage time can be selected to allow for transition of the aqueous solto an aqueous gel; e) optionally removing water and/or solvent from theproduct of step d) to form aggregates of water-insoluble particles inshells of hydrated metal oxide(s); f) alternatively to step e),optionally separating the particles enclosed in shells of hydrated metaloxide(s) obtained in step d) from other components; and g) optionallyremoving water and alcohol from the product of step f); with the provisothat the process does not comprise the use of a surfactant.
 9. Theprocess of claim 7, wherein the electron-donating ligand is selectedfrom the group consisting of pharmaceutical agents, food additives,anti-oxidants, humidifiers, vitamins, hormones, insecticides,herbicides, anti-protozoic drugs, fungicides, bactericides, enzymes, andantibodies.
 10. A process for encapsulation of water-insoluble particlesin a hydrated metal oxide or a mixture of hydrated metal oxides,comprising: a) preparing a metal alkoxide solution of one or severalmetal alkoxides in an alcohol which is miscible with water without phaseseparation; b) preparing a particle suspension in an aqueous solventhaving a pH of from pH 0 to pH 7; c) mixing the solution of step a) andthe suspension of step b) in a volume or weight proportion suitable forforming a suspension of said particles in a single-phase aqueous solcolloid of hydrated metal oxide(s), wherein water is added to the metalalkoxide solution of step a) prior to mixing the solution in step c)with the aqueous particle suspension of step b) to provide for formationof main group metal and/or transition metal oxide micelles; and d)storing said aqueous sol colloid particle suspension for a period oftime sufficient to provide for formation and self-assembly of micellesof metal oxide(s) on the particles so as to form shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s) on the particles, wherein the storage time can beselected to allow for transition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel;e) optionally removing water and/or solvent from the product of step d)to form aggregates of water-insoluble particles in shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s); f) alternatively to step e), optionally separating theparticles enclosed in shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) obtained in stepd) from other components; and g) optionally removing water and alcoholfrom the product of step f); wherein the process does not comprise theuse of a surfactant.
 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the waterwhich is added to the metal alkoxide solution of step a) prior to mixingthe solution in step c) with the aqueous particle suspension of step b)is added in an amount of up to 10 molar equivalents of total metalalkoxide.
 12. The process of claim 10, wherein water is added in anamount of from 0.01 to 4.0 equivalents.
 13. The process of claim 10,wherein water is added in an amount of from 0.05 to 1.0 equivalents. 14.The process of claim 10, wherein the water for addition is comprised byan alcohol miscible with water without phase separation.
 15. The processof claim 10, where the pH of the water for addition is adjusted by acidor buffer to a pH of from pH 0 to pH
 7. 16. The process of claim 10,wherein adjustment is to pH 0 to pH
 2. 17. A process for encapsulationof water-insoluble particles in a hydrated metal oxide or a mixture ofhydrated metal oxides, comprising: a) preparing a metal alkoxidesolution of one or several metal alkoxides in an alcohol which ismiscible with water without phase separation; b) preparing a particlesuspension in an aqueous solvent having a pH of from pH 0 to pH 7; c)mixing the solution of step a) and the suspension of step b) in a volumeor weight proportion suitable for forming a suspension of said particlesin a single-phase aqueous sol colloid of hydrated metal oxide(s),wherein the solution of step a) and/or the suspension of step b) iscooled and/or heated prior to the mixing; and d) storing said aqueoussol colloid particle suspension for a period of time sufficient toprovide for formation and self-assembly of micelles of metal oxide(s) onthe particles so as to form shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) on theparticles, wherein the storage time can be selected to allow fortransition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel; e) optionally removingwater and/or solvent from the product of step d) to form aggregates ofwater-insoluble particles in shells of hydrated metal oxide(s); f)alternatively to step e), optionally separating the particles enclosedin shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) obtained in step d) from othercomponents; and g) optionally removing water and alcohol from theproduct of step f); wherein the process does not comprise the use of asurfactant.
 18. The process of claim 1, wherein the solution of step a)and/or the suspension of step b) is subjected to ultrasonic treatmentprior to mixing.
 19. The process of claim 1, wherein the product of stepd) is dried by evaporation, sublimation, solvent exchange, and/orsupercritical or freeze drying.
 20. The process of claim 19, wherein theproduct of step e) is washed with water or an aqueous solvent.
 21. Theprocess of claim 19, wherein the dried product is subjected to heatingand/or cooling.
 22. A process for encapsulation of water-insolubleparticles in a hydrated metal oxide or a mixture of hydrated metaloxides, comprising: a) preparing a metal alkoxide solution of one orseveral metal alkoxides in an alcohol which is miscible with waterwithout phase separation; b) preparing a particle suspension in anaqueous solvent having a pH of from pH 0 to pH 7; c) mixing the solutionof step a) and the suspension of step b) in a volume or weightproportion suitable for forming a suspension of said particles in asingle-phase aqueous sol colloid of hydrated metal oxide(s); and d)storing said aqueous sol colloid particle suspension for a period oftime sufficient to provide for formation and self-assembly of micellesof metal oxide(s) on the particles so as to form shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s) on the particles, wherein the storage time can beselected to allow for transition of the aqueous sol to an aqueous gel;e) optionally removing water and/or solvent from the product of step d)to form aggregates of water-insoluble particles in shells of hydratedmetal oxide(s); f) alternatively to step e), optionally separating theparticles enclosed in shells of hydrated metal oxide(s) obtained in stepd) from other components; and g) optionally removing water and alcoholfrom the product of step f); wherein the process does not comprise theuse of a surfactant and wherein step e) or steps f) and g) are performedand the resulting dried product is subjected to mechanicalfragmentation.
 23. The process of claim 1, wherein the product of stepf) is dried by evaporation, in a flow of a gas, by solvent exchange,and/or by supercritical or freeze drying.
 24. The process of claim 1,wherein the metal alkoxide solution of step (a) is anhydrous.
 25. Theprocess of claim 10, wherein the metal alkoxide solution of step (a) isanhydrous.
 26. The process of claim 17, wherein the metal alkoxidesolution of step (a) is anhydrous.
 27. The process of claim 22, whereinthe metal alkoxide solution of step (a) is anhydrous.